Who Were the Mongols? Key Facts and Insights

Fast Summary

• The Mongol Empire, led initially by Genghis Khan from 1206 to 1368, became the second-largest kingdom of all time by uniting tribes and adopting advanced technology and military tactics.
• The empire expanded across most of Eurasia using innovative warfare techniques such as arrow storms, psychological warfare, hit-and-run strategies, and delayed sieges.
• Genghis Khan reformed laws, stabilized taxes in China’s peasant economy, embraced religious freedom, promoted trade via technologies like stirrups and gunpowder used to empower a nomadic military-feudal society.
• Successors’ disputes eventually split the empire into four khanates; by 1368 these dissolved giving rise to the Ming Dynasty.

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